Grammar 1

PREFACE

            Praise and thanks giving we pray the presence of Almighty God who has given His mercy and grace so that I can accomplish the task of this school final exams.

            The task is structured in order to meet the duty structure courses, English Language Education Study Program

In this preparation, the author of many getting help and guidance from various parties. Therefore, the authors wish to express gratitude that much.

            The author realizes that in preparing the final school exam task is still far from perfect, for that writer is expecting criticism and suggestions that are built to perfection. The author hopes may be useful for writers in particular and for the general reader.

Sumenep, January 1, 2012

Author

Ach. Munawir

TABLE OF CONTAIN

PREFACE  ---------------------------------------------------------------              1

TABLE OF CONTAIN --------------------------------------------------              2

ANALYSIS 1 ------------------------------------------------------------              3

Singular and Plural Noun --------------------------------------------              3

ANALYSIS 2-------------------------------------------------------------              4

Countable and Uncountable Noun ----------------------------------              4

ANALYSIS 3-------------------------------------------------------------              6

Pronoun ------------------------------------------------------------              6

ANALYSIS 4-------------------------------------------------------------              8

Verb Tenses --------------------------------------------------------              8

ANALYSIS 5-------------------------------------------------------------            20

Article --------------------------------------------------------------            20

ANALYSIS 6-------------------------------------------------------------            22

Modal Auxiliaries ---------------------------------------------------            22

ANALYSIS 7-------------------------------------------------------------            25

Tag Question -------------------------------------------------------            25

ANALYSIS 8-------------------------------------------------------------            26

Passive voice -------------------------------------------------------            26

ANALYSIS 9 ------------------------------------------------------------            27

References ----------------------------------------------------------            27

        

ANALYSIS 1

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUN

A.     Definition of  Singular Noun

When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular.
Examples:  boy, girl, book, church, box

B.     Definition of Plural Noun

When a noun means more than one, it is said to be plural.
Examples:  boys, girls, books, churches

The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding - s to a singular noun.

Lamp               : Lamp

Cat                   : Cats

Fork                 : Forks

Flower             : Flowers

Pen                  : Pens

Book                : Books

Bag                  : Bags

Student : Students

Teacher            : Teachers

Etc.

ANALYSIS 2

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

A.     Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. example: "pen".

Here are some more countable nouns:

• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

• A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

• I've got some dollars.
• Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

• I've got a few dollars.
• I haven't got many pens.

B.     Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them.

Example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself.

Here are some more uncountable nouns:

• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb.

example:

• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable                   Uncountable               Countable                   Uncountable  

Dollar                           money                          song                             music

ANALYSIS 3

PRONOUN

A.     Definition of Pronoun

Pronoun a word used instead of a noun or name, to avoid the repetition of it. pronoun can replace a noun .

Personal Pronoun		Possessive Pronoun		Reflexive Pronoun
Subject	Object	Adjective	Pronoun
I	Me	My	Mine	My Self
You	You	Your	Yours	Your self
We	Us	Our	Ours	Our self
They	Them	Their	Theirs	Them self
She	Her	Her	Hers	Her self
He	Him	His	His	Him self
It	It	Its	-	It self

Example           : I speak English

                        : She advises me

                        : It is my book

                        : It is mine

                        : I my self will overcome my problem

B. Above terms of definition

1. Personal pronouns: pronouns that show first person (speaker) the second person (the recipient) third person (who in talking about)

2. Subject: something that became actors

3. Predicate (designation): words that describe the subject.

4. Possessive pronoun: the pronoun that shows possession, and is divided into:

a.       Possesive pronoun that functions as an adjective, pronoun which shows possession and should be followed by a noun (possessive pronoun)

b.      possessive pronoun that serves as a pronoun, the pronoun that shows possession and stand-alone or not followed by a noun (possessive pronoun)

5. Reflexive Pronoun: the pronoun which is a reflection of the pronoun itself

From the above definition, it is reviewed in terms of person pronoun (determination of the people) is divided into three parts:

                                                Singular                      Plural

1. First person                    I                                   We      

2. Second person               You                              You

3. Third person                   She, he , it                    They

ANALYSIS 4

VERB TENSES

A. Tenses

There tenses change the verb forms change depending on the nature and timing of events.

Based on the nature of the incident tenses are divided into four sections:

1. Simple

2. Continuous

3. Perfect

4. Perfect continuous

Based on the timing of tenses is divided into four sections:

1. Present

2. Past

3. Future

4. Past futures

When the two factors on the nature and incidence time  then combined to form 16 tenses. Note the table below

Sifat Waktu	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect continuous
Present	S.P	S.C	S.P	S.Pc
Past	S.Pt	S. Pt.C	S.P.C	S.Pt.Pc.
Future	S.F	S.F.C	S.F.P	S.F.Pc.
Past future	S.Pt.Fc	S.Pt.Fc.C	S.Pt.P.	S.Pt.F.Pc

 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES

A. Usage

1. To state that the activity becomes a habit (habitual action)

e.g :      : I get up 4 o’clock AM every morning

            : They are at school every  day

            : I eat rice every day

2. To state the activities that are not related to time

e.g        : She goes home

            : They come here

            : she is in my class

3.Untuk stating a general truth (truth genereal)

e.g        : the sun rises in the east

: There are seven days a week

: The sun sets in the west

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + VI + s/es + O	(+) S + is/am/.are + non verb
(-) S + do/does + Not VI + O	(-) S + is/am/are + Not + Non verb
(?) do/does + S + VI + O ?	(?)is/am/are +  S + Non verb

Simple Present Timeline

e.g        : I study English

            : She doesn’t  carry my book

            : Do yo take my book on the table

            : I am a Student university of  islam Al- Ihsan Madura

            : She is not in Hidayatul Ulum

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To express an ongoing action in the present term actions that are fun-fun to do.

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + to be + VI ing + O	(+) S + is/am/.are + Being  + non verb
(-) S + to be + not + VI ing + O	(-) S + is/am/are + Not + being + Non verb
(?) to be + S + VI ing + O	(?) is/am/are +  S +  being + Non verb

Simple Present continuous Timeline

e.g        : they are learning English now

            : she is eating rice

            : are they studying English now ?

            : she is being at school

            : is she being at your house ?

C. Adverb

Now                : sekarang                     at present                     : sekarang ini    

Still                   : masih                         at this moment : pada saat ini

Right now         : sekarang ini                etc.

Note : The provisions in the amendment Verb-ing as follows;

1.      In general, I direct coupled ing Verb:

To break	Breaking	merusak
To learn	Learning	mempelajari
To sing	Singing	bernyanyi

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities that began in time past and finished in the present (has finished in the present)

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + have/has + VIII + O	(+) S + have/has + been +  non verb
(-) S + have/has + not + VIII + O	(-) S +have/has + Not + been + Non verb
(?) have/has + S + VIII+ O	(?) have/has +  S +  been + Non verb ?

e.g        : I have studied English

            : She hasn’t eaten rice

            : has she received a letter ?

            : they have been at cottage

            : they have’nt been at cottage

C. Adverb

For                               : selama                                    Since                : sejak             

For several time            : selama beberapa kali               already             : sudah

For an hour                  : selama satu jam                       Ever ?              : pernahkah

Just                              : baru saja                                 Recently           : baru-baru ini

Etc.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities that started in the past and still continues to this day, even likely to take place in the future.

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + have/has + been +VI ing + O	(+) S+have/has + been + Being  + non verb
(-) S+have/has+not+been+VI ing+O	(-)S+have/has+not+been+Being +non verb
(?) have/has+ S +been + VI ing + O	(?) have/has+ S +been + Being  + non verb

Simple Present perfect Continuous Timeline

e.g        : She has been waiting for you

            : She has not been studying  English

            : Has she been waiting for me ?

            : He has been being  a lecture

            : Has he been being lecture ?

C. Adverb

For                               : selama                        Since                : sejak

The whole day : sepanjang hari How long         : berapa lama

Etc.

SIMPLE  PAST  TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities that occur at specific times in the past

2. To express repeated events and has become a habit in the past

B. Formula 

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + VII + O	(+) S + was/were  +  non verb
(-) S + did + not + VI + O	(-) S + was/were  + Not + Non verb
(?) did  + S + VI+ O ?	(?) was/were +  S + Non verb ?

Simple Past tense Timeline

e.g        : I met him yesterday

            : She was sick two days ago

            : I used to smoke last year

            : He often sent me a letter last week

B.     Adverb

Yesterday         : kemarin                      two days ago                : 2 hari yang lalu

Last                  : yang lalu                     just now                       : baru lalu

This morning     : pagi ini                        etc.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To declare the ongoing activities in the past,

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + was/were +  VI ing + O	(+) S + was/were  +  being + non verb
(-)S + was/were+not+VI ing + O	(-) S + was/were  + Not + being +Non verb
(?) was/were + S + VI ing + O	(?) was/were + S + being + Non verb ?

e.g        : Munawir  was waiting his friend at 8 o’clock yesterday

            : Munawir and syaiful were not teaching match two days ago

            : Was she climbing a mountain ?

            : she was being at school

A.     Adverb

At …….yesterday        : pada pukul …….kemarin

This time last year         : pada saat ini tahun yang lalu

two days  ago               : dua yang lalu

Etc.

PAST PERFECT  TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities that have been completed in the past,

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + had +  VIII + O	(+) S + had + been +  non verb
(-) S + had +not+VIII + O	(-)S + had + not + been +  non verb
(?) Had + S + VIII+ O	(?) had + S + been + Non verb ?

e.g        : He had visited me at seven o’clock yesterday

            : He had not taken a bath at seven o’clock two days ago

            : Had they studied English yesterday ?

            : I had been in here

A.     Adverb

Yesterday                                 : kemarin

This time two days ago             : waktu ini dua hari yang lalu

Etc.     

PAST PERFECT  CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. For states that have ongoing activities in the past.

A.     Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + had + been + VI ing + O	(+) S + had + been + being + non verb
(-) S+had+not+been + VI ing+ O	(-) S + had + not + been +being + non verb
(?) had + S + been + VI ing + O	(?) had + S + been + being + Non verb ?

e.g        : She had been living here

            : She had not been living here

            : had she been living here ?

            : I had been being in surabaya

B.     Adverb

At …….. o’clock yesterday

This time two days ago

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities that will last a period of to come.

2. To ask someone to do something

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + will/shall + VI + O	(+) S + will/shall + be + non verb
(-) S + will/shall + not + VI + O	(-) S + will/shall + not + be + non verb
(?) will/shall + S + VI + O	(?) will/shall + S + be + non verb

e.g        : I will kiss you tomorrow morning

            : I will not kill you tomorrow

            : Will you take my book ?

            : She will be stupid

A.     Adverb

Tomorrow                    : Besok            

Next                             : yang akan datang

To night                        : nanti malam

Etc.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities to be ongoing at any given time in the future.

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + will + be + VI ing + O	(+) S + will + be + being +  non verb
(-) S +  will + not +  be + VI ing+O	(-) S + will + not + be + being +  non verb
(?) will + S + be + VI ing + O	(?) will + S + be + being +  non verb

e.g        : I will be studying English at the same time tomorrow

            : I will not be studying English at the same time tomorrow

            : will I be studying English at the same time tomorrow ?

            : Ach. Munawir will be being in office.

A.     Adverb

At the same time tomorrow       : pada waktu yang sama besok

At this time next time                 : pada saat ini bulan depan

At ……. O’clock tomorrow     : pada pukul …… besok

By this time next week : pada saat ini minggu depan

Etc .

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

A. Usage

1. To suggest activities that will have been completed in time to come

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + will + have +  VIII+ O	(+) S + will + have + been +  non verb
(-) S +  will + not +  have + VIII+ O	(-) S+will + not + have + been +  non verb
(?) will + S + have +  VIII+ O	(?) will + S +  have + been +  non verb

e.g        : Ach. Munawir will have graduated from YUNIAM  by next July

            : Syaiful will not have studied English in DEC by next  August

            : Will we have graduated from REC-BHA by next July

            : Maimunah will have been in Jakarta at five o’clock next week

            : Kamiliya Fitriani will not have been in Jakarta at five o’clock next week

A.     Adverb

In the two year time                  : dalam waktu dua tahun

By this time next year    : pada saat ini tahun depan

By the end of …..                     : menjelang akhir ……

By next August                         : menjelang bulan Agustus depan

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To suggest activities that would have been in progress in the future, and there is a possibility to do when other events occur.

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S+will+have+been+ VI ing +O	(+) S + will + have + been + being +  non verb
(-) S+will+not +have+been+VI ing +O	(-) S + will + not +have+been+being+ non verb
(?) will +S+have+been+ VI ing +O	(?) will + S + have + been + being +  non verb

e.g        : Firmansyah will have been sleeping for an hour by 3 o’clock

            : I will not have been studying by this time next July

            : will I have been living here ?

            : I will have been being in school

A.     Adverb

By the end of…                        : menjelang akhir…

For five year by next year         : selama lima tahun menjelang tahun depan

Bt yhis time next ……..            : pada saat ini ……depan

For … by                                 : selama …… menjelang

SIMPLE PAST FUTURE TENSE

A. Usage

To declare the activities

1. To state the activities that will be done in the past.

2. To ask someone to do something in a polite way.

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + would/should  +  VI + O	(+) S + would/should  + be +  non verb
(-) S + would/should + not+ VI +O	(-) S + would/should +not+ be +  non verb
(?) would/should + S +  VI + O	(?) would/should  + S + be +  non verb

e.g        : Ibrahim would  learn english

            : Farida would not learn English

            : Would they learn English ?

            : Munawir would be at school

            : Kamiliya Fitriyani would be beautiful

            : Would Firmansyah be at school ?

A.     Adverb

The following …….. (day, week, month)

PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities that will be taking place at a particular time in the past. Past Future Continuous Tense is the past tense of the Future Continuous Tense

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + should  + be + VI ing  + O	(+) S + would + be + being +  non verb
(-) S+should + not +be+VI ing + O	(-) S +would + not + be+ being + non verb
(?) should  + S + be + VI ing  + O	(?) would + S + be + being +  non verb

e.g        : I would be studying English at seven o’clock yesterday

            : I would not be studying English at seven o’clock yesterday

            : would she be watching TV ?

            : She would be being smart

            : He would not be being smart

            : would she be being smart ?

A.     Adverb

At ….. o’clock yesterday                     : pada pukul  …….. kemarin

On Wednesday last week                     : pada hari minggu yang lalu

By this time yesterday               : menjelang saat ini kemarin

At this time two days ago                      : pada saat ini dua hari yang lalu

PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

A. Usage

1. To state the activities to be completed in the past. Past Future Perfect Tense is a from Future Perfect Tense

2. To state a supposition that can not happen because the requirements are not met.

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + would + have  + VIII  + O	(+) S + would + have  +  been + non verb
(-) S + would + not + have + VIII + O	(-) S +would+not+ have  + been + non verb
(?) would + S +  have  + VIII  + O	(?) would + S + have  + been +  non verb

e.g        : Mr. Munawir would have taken goverment examination

            : Zainur would not have eaten rice

            : would they have taken government examination ?

            : She would have been in front of  hause.

            : He would not have been in front of school

            : would She have been in front of shop ?

PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Usage

1. To suggest activities that would have been in progress for a certain time in the past.  Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense is the past tense of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense

B. Formula

VERBAL	NOMINAL
(+) S + would + have + been + VI ing + O	(+) S + would+ have + been + being + non verb
(-)  S + would + not + have+ been + VIing + O	(-) S + would + not + have + been + being + non verb
(?) would+ S+ have + been+ VI ing + O	(?) would + S + have  + been + being +  non verb

e.g        : I would have been studying English

            : I would not have been studying English

            : Would I have been studying English ?

            : I would have been being sick

A.     Adverb

Description This is the time on tenses, simple past tense to tense.

For …….. by …… yesterday

Etc.

ANALYSIS 5

ARTICLES

A. The Article

Article is a word in use in front of a noun, to show things that have of course (this or that)

Article is divided into two parts:

1.      Definite article

2.      Indefinite article

1.      Definite article

The definite article is used to indicate the object he had of course.

As for its use:

a.  For objects that already appeared before.

     e.g   : Munawir has a car and the car is new

b.  For a new object called the first time but, but because the object can be clearly explained by clause

e.g   : the boy called yuu yesterday is my brother

c. For the first time the object is called, but the object is clearly in the know.

e.g   : where is munawir ?

      : he is in the classroom

2. Indefinite article

Indefinite article is a and an (a or someone) that is used to indicate an object that is not necessarily singular, is used to outline a noun beginning with a reading off though composed of vowels, while an is used before:

a. Singular noun that begins with the reading of life, although composed of  living dead

e.g : an apple, an egg, an hour, an honesty, an university

b. Letters letters are pronounced with the sound of life

e.g : an L-plate, an MP, an SOS, an X

Idefinite article can be used:

a. Objects that are not known and it is unclear what we mean

e.g : a ball is new

: An old driver can to buss terminal last night

b. For the first time objects called

e.g : It is a pen of mine

: She Bought a book and pen three days ago

c. Before the noun that indicates a job, position, nationality, position, rank, and others.

e.g : I am a lecture

: He is a Moeslem

: I am a secretary

ANALYSIS 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal auxiliaries are verbs that express many kinds of meaning. Each modal auxiliary often expresses more than one meaning.

The Part of Modal Auxiliaries

A.     Principle Auxiliaries

a.       To be

Singular	Present tense	Past Tense	Past participle
I	Am	Was	been
She, He, It	Is	Was
Plural
You,we,they	Are	were

b.      To do/does

Singular	Present tense	Past Tense
I	Do	Did
She, He, It	Does	Did
Plural
You,we,they	do	Did

c.       To have/has

Singular	Present perfect	Past Perfect
I	Have	Had
She, He, It	Has	Had
Plural
You,we,they	Have	Had

B.     Modal Auxiliariy

Present Tense	Past Tense	The Meaning
Can	Could	Dapat/bisa
May	Might	Boleh
Must	Had to	Harus
Shall	Should	Akan/seharusnya
Will	Would	akan

The Form Of  Modal Auxiliaries

 ( + ) S + MODAL + V1

She can do the test.

We will go to the hospital

( - ) S + MODAL +  NOT + V1

She can’t do the test.

We will not go to the hospital.

( ? ) MODAL + S + V1

Can she do the test?

Will we go to the hospital?

Kinds Of Modal Verbs

1. Can

a. Expressing an Ability (Mengungkapkan Kemampuan)

e.g : I can do the test.

2. Should

a. Expressing an advisability (Mengungkapkan saran)

e.g : We should do something now.

3. Must

a. Expressing a necessity (Mengungkapkan keharusan)

e.g : You must do everything I say.

4. Will

a. Expressing a certainty (Mengungkapkan kepastian)

e.g : We will come to her party. I promise.

b. Expressing a Willingness (Mengungkapkan Keinginan)

e.g : There’s a knock on the door. I will open it.

c. Expressing a request (Mengungkapkan permintaan)

e.g : Will you help me?

ANALYSIS 7

THE TAG QUESTION

Question tags are interrogative sentence is added at the end of a sentence to ask others to agree or agree with his opinion.

There are several provisions in the sentence Tag Question is:

1. In positive sentences using the negative Question tag. In negative sentences using the positive Question tag.

2. Question tags are always wearing a suit with the auxiliary verb tense, and subject it always consists of pronouns.

3. Sentence containing the idea of taking negative then positive question tags.

4. Said semi-negative, such as little, few, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom considered negative and positive use question tags.

5. A few, a little, is considered positive, so use a negative question tags.

e.g        : I ‘m late, aren’t I ?

            : Munawir doen’t smoke, does he ?

            : She was absent, was she ?

            : little Money has been lost, has it ?

            : a little water flowed in river last year, didn’t it ?

ANALYSIS 8

PASSIVE CONSTACTION

A.     Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

B.     Form of Passive

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence yang didahului by
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

C.     Formula

Simple Present

ACTIVE	PASSIVE
S + VI + s/es O	S + is/am/are+VIII + O By + O
Kamiliya writes a letter	A letter is written by Kamiliya

Simple Past

ACTIVE	PASSIVE
S + VII + O	S + was/were + VIII + By + O
Kamliiya wrote a letter	A letter was written by Kamiliya

Simple Future

ACTIVE	PASSIVE
S + Will/Shall + VI + O	S + will/shall + be + VIII + By + O
Kamliiya will write a letter	A letter will  be written by Kamiliya

Past Future

ACTIVE	PASSIVE
S + Would + VI + O	S + would + be + VIII + By + O
Kamliiya has been writing a letter	A letter has been written by Kamiliya

ANALYSIS 9

REFERENCES

Betty Schrampfer Azar “ Understanding and using English grammar” second edition : Prentice hall regent, new Jersey 1989.

Ramli Ahmadi “Quickest way to speak English well book one” fourth edition: maba comp. west waru pamekasan.2010

Ramli Ahmadi “Quickest way to speak English well book two” fourth edition: maba comp. west waru pamekasan.2010

Ramli Ahmadi “Quickest way to speak English well book three” fourth edition: maba comp. west waru pamekasan.2010

Ramli Ahmadi “Quickest way to speak English well book four” fourth edition: maba comp. west waru pamekasan.2010